Microscopy Effects on Images

Detectors: 

Array detectors:

Cameras, CCD's EMCCD's Back thinned CCD's, CMOS, SCMOS 

These detectors measure photons and produce electrons in each pixel. The pixels are then readout as a serial list of values representing the photon intensity at each location.

Quantum Efficiency

The quantum efficiency is a ratio between the number of photons hitting a pixel to the number of electrons in the well

PCO edge 5.5 sCOMS	Kinetix sCOMS
IXon CCD

Read Noise:

Errors in reading elections in wells.  Read noise is independent of ingratiation time and effects low light level imaging.

Shot noise:

statistical  differences in the number of photons hitting the pixel

Dark noise:

Is the accumulation of electrons when no photons are hitting the pixel

Hot Pixels/ Dead Pixels:

Pixels with Higher or lower dark noise

Pixel Size:

Use magnification and Nyquist theorem 

Point Spread Function and Blur:

A microscope is a 4f system as shown

https://www.microscopyu.com/digital-imaging/introduction-to-charge-coupled-devices-ccds