Microscopy Effects on Images

Detectors:  

 

 Array Detectors 

 Cameras, CCD's EMCCD's Back thinned CCD's, CMOS, SCMOS  

 These detectors measure photons and produce electrons in each pixel. The pixels are then readout as a serial list of values representing the photon intensity at each location. 

 Quantum Efficiency 

 The quantum efficiency is a ratio between the number of photons hitting a pixel to the number of electrons in the well 

 

 

 

 

 

 PCO edge 5.5 sCOMS 

 

 

 

 

   

   

   

 

   

 Kinetix sCOMS 

 

 

 

 IXon CCD 

 

 

 

 Noise 

 

 Read Noise: 

 Errors in reading elections in wells.  Read noise is independent of ingratiation time and effects low light level imaging. 

 Shot noise: 

 statistical  differences in the number of photons hitting the pixel 

 Dark noise: 

 Is the accumulation of electrons when no photons are hitting the pixel 

 Hot Pixels/ Dead Pixels: 

 Pixels with Higher or lower dark noise 

 

 Pixel Size 

 Use magnification and Nyquist theorem  

   

 

 

 

 Point Detectors 

 PMT's APD's 

 Quantum Efficiency 

 Noise 

 other Info 

 more stuff 

 even more stuff 

   

 

 

 Point Spread Function 

 A microscope is a 4f system as shown 

   

 The objective is the first lens and col 

 

 

 Objectives 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 https://www.microscopyu.com/digital-imaging/introduction-to-charge-coupled-devices-ccds