# Microscopy Effects on Images

## **<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Detectors:   
</span>**

<details id="bkmrk-array-detectors%3A-cam"><summary>Array Detectors</summary>

## Cameras, CCD's EMCCD's Back thinned CCD's, CMOS, SCMOS 

These detectors measure photons and produce electrons in each pixel. The pixels are then readout as a serial list of values representing the photon intensity at each location.

#### Quantum Efficiency

The quantum efficiency is a ratio between the number of photons hitting a pixel to the number of electrons in the well

<table border="1" id="bkmrk-qe-pco-edge-5.5-scom" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 50%;"></col><col style="width: 50%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>[![PCO edge 5.5 QE.jpg](https://www-app.igb.illinois.edu/core-docs/uploads/images/gallery/2024-11/scaled-1680-/pco-edge-5-5-qe.jpg)](https://www-app.igb.illinois.edu/core-docs/uploads/images/gallery/2024-11/pco-edge-5-5-qe.jpg)

<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">PCO edge 5.5 sCOMS</span>

</td><td>[ ](https://www-app.igb.illinois.edu/core-docs/uploads/images/gallery/2024-11/kinetix-qe.jpg)

[![Kinetix Qe.jpg](https://www-app.igb.illinois.edu/core-docs/uploads/images/gallery/2024-11/scaled-1680-/kinetix-qe.jpg)](https://www-app.igb.illinois.edu/core-docs/uploads/images/gallery/2024-11/kinetix-qe.jpg)

Kinetix sCOMS

</td></tr><tr><td><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">IXon CCD</span></td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Noise

- **Read Noise:**
- Errors in reading elections in wells. Read noise is independent of ingratiation time and effects low light level imaging.
- **Shot noise:**
- statistical differences in the number of photons hitting the pixel
- **<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Dark noise:</span>**
- <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Is the accumulation of electrons when no photons are hitting the pixel</span>
- **<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Hot Pixels/ Dead Pixels: </span>**
- <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Pixels with Higher or lower dark noise</span>

#### Pixel Size

<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Use magnification and <span class="BxUVEf ILfuVd" lang="en"><span class="hgKElc">Nyquist theorem </span></span></span>

</details>
<details id="bkmrk-point-detectors-pmt%27"><summary>Point Detectors</summary>

## PMT's APD's

### Quantum Efficiency

### Noise

### other Info

### more stuff

### even more stuff

</details><details id="bkmrk-point-spread-functio"><summary>Point Spread Function</summary>

<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">A microscope is a 4f system as shown</span>[![image-1633036975307.jpg](https://www-app.igb.illinois.edu/core-docs/uploads/images/gallery/2021-09/scaled-1680-/image-1633036975307.jpg)](https://www-app.igb.illinois.edu/core-docs/uploads/images/gallery/2021-09/image-1633036975307.jpg)<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">[![image-1633036975307.jpg](https://www-app.igb.illinois.edu/core-docs/uploads/images/gallery/2021-09/scaled-1680-/image-1633036975307.jpg)](https://www-app.igb.illinois.edu/core-docs/uploads/images/gallery/2021-09/image-1633036975307.jpg)</span>

The objective is the first lens and col

</details><details id="bkmrk-objectives-%C2%A0"><summary>Objectives</summary>

</details>[https://www.microscopyu.com/digital-imaging/introduction-to-charge-coupled-devices-ccds](https://www.microscopyu.com/digital-imaging/introduction-to-charge-coupled-devices-ccds)