Cameras, CCD's EMCCD's Back thinned CCD's, CMOS, SCMOS 

These detectors measure photons and produce electrons in each pixel. The pixels are then readout as a serial list of values representing the photon intensity at each location.

Quantum Efficiency

The quantum efficiency is a ratio between the number of photons hitting a pixel to the number of electrons in the well

Noise

• Read Noise:
• Errors in reading elections in wells.  Read noise is independent of ingratiation time and effects low light level imaging.
• Shot noise:
• statistical  differences in the number of photons hitting the pixel
• Dark noise:
• Is the accumulation of electrons when no photons are hitting the pixel
• Hot Pixels/ Dead Pixels:
• Pixels with Higher or lower dark noise

Pixel Size

Use magnification and Nyquist theorem 

PMT's APD's

Quantum Efficiency

Noise

other Info

more stuff

even more stuff

A microscope is a 4f system as shown

The objective is the first lens and col